A.V. + (어/아) 봐야지요 => "should (try) . . . ," "must (try to) . . . "

	A.V. + (어/아) 봐야지요
	=> "should (try) . . . ," "must (try to) . . . "

This pattern expresses the speaker's intention to try to do something. It means "I will certainly try . . ." or "I should try . . ." 

• 설악산에도 가 봐야지요.
  => I should (try to) go to the Sŏrak Mountains.
• 신사임당의 시를 읽어 봐야지.
  => I must (try to) read Lady Shin Sa-im-dang's poems.
• 그림도 구해 봐야지.
  => I must try to find her paintings.

Note that -(어/아)야지 expresses the intention of the speaker, as in "I should" or "I must."

• 지금 집에 가야지.
  => I should go home now.
• 밥 먹어야지.
  => I should eat.
• 숙제를 해야지.
  => I should do my homework.

The informal speech ending -지(요) can be either a statement or a question, depending on the intonation and context.

• 비행기표를 사지?
  => You will buy the airplane ticket, won't you?
  
• 한국은 추석 때에 바쁘지요.
  => (I'm saying that) they are busy during Ch'usŏk.

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a. D.V. + ㄴ/은 편이다 => "to be kind of," "to be rather," "to be relatively" b. A.V. + ㄴ/은/는 편이다 => "to be kind of," "to be rather," "to be relatively"

	a.	D.V. + ㄴ/은 편이다
		=> "to be kind of," "to be rather," "to be relatively"
	b.	A.V. + ㄴ/은/는 편이다
		=> "to be kind of," "to be rather," "to be relatively"

Used with descriptive verbs, this expression indicates that something is "relatively" or "kind of" 좋다 "good," 크다 "big," 많다 "many," and so on. For action verbs, it is often accompanied by an adverb or an adverbial phrase that modifies the verb, as in 빨리 읽는 편이다 "to read kind of fast."

(a) 

• 아기가 착한 편인데 피곤해서 지금 운다.
  => The baby is usually rather good-natured, but he is crying now because he is tired.
  
• 세일인데도 비싼 편이다.
  => It's on sale, but it's still rather expensive.
  
• 어려서 우리 누나는 키가 작은 편이었다.
  => My sister was relatively short when she was young.

(b) 

• 수잔은 불어보다 독어를 잘 하는 편이다.
  => Susan speaks German somewhat better than French.
  
• 중학교 때 나는 책을 빨리 읽는 편이었다.
  => I read books relatively fast when (I was) in middle school.
  
• 그 사람 부자 에요? 아니오. 못 사는 편이에요.
  => Is he rich? No, he is fairly poor.

A.V. + ㄴ/은/는 김에 => "while one is at it/doing it," "since/because"

	A.V. + ㄴ/은/는 김에
	=> "while one is at it/doing it," "since/because"

This colloquial expression is used when we say, "while we are at it, we might as well do . . . ," and use the verbal modifier ㄴ/은 or 는, depending on the tense.

• 은행에 가는 김에 서점에도 들를까?
  => Since we are going to the bank, shall we stop at a bookstore?
  
• 뉴욕에 간 김에 자유의 여신상을 구경했다.
  => While we were in New York City, we toured the Statue of Liberty. 

More on indirect speech types : command, question, and "let's"

More on indirect speech types : command, question, and "let's"

	a.	Indirect Commands
		A.V. + (으)라고 하다
		=> "(they) tell/ask/order to do . . ."
		A.V. + 지 말라고 하다
		=> "(they) tell/ask/order not to . . ."

An indirect command is one in which the speaker is reporting a directive that is being given by someone else.

• 이리 오라고 한다.
  => (He) tells (us) to come here.
• 이 책을 읽으라고 했어요.
  => (He) told (me) to read this book.
• 여기로 오라고 해서 왔어요.
  => I was told to come here, so I came. 
• 박 과장님을 찾으라고 했어요.
  => I was told to find Manager Park.
• 학교 컴퓨터를 사용하지 말라고 해요.
  => (He) tells me not to use the school computer. 
• 두 사람을 비교하지 말랬어요.
  => (He) told me not to compare the two people with each other.

When an indirect command ends in -(어/아) 주다, (드리다 for honorific), or -(어/아) 달라다, the speaker must consider who is commanding whom and the relationships among the speaker, the addressee, and the person spoken of, as in the following context:

• (선생님이 나에게) 동생에게 책을 읽어 주라고 하셨어요.
  => (My teacher told me) to read books to my younger brother.
• (선생님이 나에게) 어머니한테 전화 걸어 드리라고 하세요.
  => My teacher tells (me) to call my mother.
• 선생님께서 로사에게 내일 전화를 걸어 달라고 하셨어.
  => Her teacher asked Rosa to call her  tomorrow.
• 아들이 아버지에게 컴퓨터를 사 달라고 했어.
  => The son asked his father to buy him a computer. 

	b.	Indirect Questions
		D.V. + (으)냐고 하다
		A.V. + (느)냐고 하다
		N. + (이)냐고 하다
		=> "(Someone) asks whether/if . . ."

Indirect questions are ones in which the speaker is reporting a question that is being asked by another individual. -(으)냐고 하다 is used after descriptive verbs, and -(느)냐고 하다 is used after action verbs. 으 and 느 may be dropped for some verbs. For example, one may say 길이 좁냐고 한다 or 길이 좁으냐고 한다 "(Someone) asks if the road is narrow," and 지금 눈이 오냐고 한다 or 지금 눈이 오느냐고 한다 "(Someone) asks whether it's snowing now." 

• 방이 넓으냐고 해요.
  => (He) asks if the room is spacious.
  
• 언제 오냐고 해요.
  => (He) asks (me) when I will come.
  
• 언제 밥을 먹(느)냐고 했어요.
  => (He) asked when we are eating.
  
• 내일이 초하루냐고 했어요.
  => (He) asked whether tomorrow is the first of the month.
  
• 어제가 그믐이었냐고 했어요.
  => (He) asked whether yesterday was the end of the month.
  
• 학교가 클 거냐고 해요.
  => (He) asks whether the school is going to be large.
  
• 언제 올 거냐고 해요.
  => (He) asks (me) when I will come.

	c.	Indirect "let's"
		A.V. + 자고 하다
		=> "(they) say, let's . . ."

This construction is used only with an action verb. There are no tense changes.

• 영화 보러 가자고 한다.
  => (She) says, let's go to see a movie.

ADV. 꼼짝 => "a tiny bit (of motion)"

	ADV. 꼼짝
	=> "a tiny bit (of motion)"

꼼짝 is generally used with a negative―for example, 안 and 못 or with the negative ending 없다, 말다, or -지 않다. It may be used positively, however, in a question. (Certain adverbs may be used only in the negative.

• 꼼짝도 안 한다.
  => It does not move, even a little bit.
  
• 꼼짝 할 수 없다.
  => I am not able to move at all/even a little bit.
  
• 나는 요즘 바빠서 꼼짝도 못한다.
  => Because I am busy these days, I can't go out at all.
  
• 꼼짝 말아라!
  => Don't move!
  
• 그 차 속에서 꼼짝 할 수 있니?
  => Can you move at all in the car?

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내려가다 versus 올라가다 => "to go down" versus "to go up"

	내려가다 versus 올라가다
	=> "to go down" versus "to go up"

When one goes to the capital city of Seoul, it is said that one "goes up" to Seoul, and when one goes from Seoul to another area, it is said one "goes down" to that area. Similarly, one 들어 가다 "goes into" the city and 나가다 "goes out" to a suburb. 

• 할머니께 인사하러 지방에 내려가는 길이에요.
  => I am on my way down to the country to visit my grandmother.
  
• 일하러 서울에 올라가는 길이에요.
  => I am going up to Seoul in order to work.
  
• 옷을 사러 시내에 들어갔어요.
  => I went into the city (downtown) to buy clothes.
  
• 주말에 시외로 드라이브 나갔어요.
  => I went out to the suburbs for a drive over the weekend.

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a. V. + (으)므로 => "because," "as," "for," "since," "for being . . ." b. N. + (이)므로 => "because it is . . ."

	a.	V. + (으)므로
		=> "because," "as," "for," "since," "for being . . ."
	b.	N. + (이)므로
		=> "because it is . . ."

This causal connective (으/이)므로 is rarely used colloquially. Other causal connectives, -(으)니까, -기 때문에, -(어/아)서, and -(으)니, are used in spoken language. These causal connectives are not always interchangeable. 

(a)

• 파올로의 생일은 형 생일보다 두 달쯤 늦으므로 9월이다.
  => Since Paolo's birthday is about two months behind his older brother's, it's in September.
• 가을 날씨가 좋으므로 관광객이 많이 온다.
  => Since the fall weather is good, many tourists are coming.
• 아버님이 오셨으므로 그날은 일찍 집에 가기로 했다.
  => Since my father was visiting, I decided to go home early that day. 

(b)

• 사흘 있으면 명절이므로 길이 막힐 거다.
  => Because the holiday starts in three days, the roads will be jammed.
  
• 내일이 추석이므로 할머니 댁에 가야 한다.
  => Because tomorrow is Ch'usŏk, I must go to Grandmother's house.
  
• 내일부터 휴가(이)므로 오늘 일을 끝마쳐야겠다.
  => Since my vacation begins tomorrow, I have to finish the job today.

a. N. + 인가요? => "is it . . . ?" b. D.V. + ㄴ/은가요? => "is it . . . (adjective)?" c. A.V. + 나요? => "is it . . . (action verb)?"

	a.	N. + 인가요?
		=> "is it . . . ?"
	b.	D.V. + ㄴ/은가요?
		=> "is it . . . (adjective)?"
	c.	A.V. + 나요?
		=> "is it . . . (action verb)?"

These question endings indicate that the speaker wants a confirmatory (yes or no) answer. Note that 있다 and 없다 end in -나요, as in -있나요? or -없나요?

(a)

• 오늘이 노는 날인가요?
  => Is today a holiday?
  
• 이 분이 선생님인가요?
  => Is he a teacher?

(b) 

• 날씨가 추운가요?
  => Is the weather cold?
  
• 집이 넓은가요?
  => Is the house roomy?

(c) 

• 한국어를 배우나요?
  => Are you learning Korean?
  
• 요즘 무슨 책을 읽나요?
  => What books are you reading these days?
  
• 동생이 있나요?
  => Does he have a younger sibling?

Expressions for "any" or "every"

Expressions for "any" or "every"
	a.	아무 N. + (이)나
		=> "any N."
	b.	아무/누구/무엇/어디/언제 + (이)나
		=> "anyone," "everyone," "anything," "any place/everywhere," "any time"

When a noun is preceded by 아무 and followed by -(이)나, it means "any," as in 아무 책이나 "any book," or 아무 지도나 "any map." When the particle -(이)나 is attached to a question word 아무, 누구, 무엇, 어디, or 언제, it becomes like a pronoun: 아무나 "anyone," 누구나 "everyone," 무엇이나 "anything/everything," 어디나 "anyplace/anywhere," or 언제나 "any time/whenever." (For more on "any" or "every," 

(a)

• 방학동안에 아무 일이나 하겠어요.
  => During vacation, I'll do any kind of work.
  
• 어떤 색깔 셔츠를 드릴까요?
  => What color shirt would you like?
  아무 거나 주세요.
  => Please give me any color.
  
• 무슨 영화 볼래?
  => What do you want to see?
  아무 영화나 볼래.
  => I'll watch any movie.

(b)

• 누구나 시를 쓸 수 있다.
  => Anyone can write a poem.
  
• 미국은 무엇이나 발달됐다.
  => In the United States, everything is developed
  
• 봄에는 어디나 꽃이 핀다.
  => In the spring, flowers bloom everywhere.
  
• 언제나 바다에 가면 배들을 볼 수 있다.
  => Whenever you go to the ocean, you can always see boats.

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Person N. + (이)셔 or (이)세요 => "This is . . . (HON.)"

Person N. + (이)셔 or (이)세요

=> "This is . . . (HON.)"

This casual and intimate ending -(이)셔 is the contraction of -(이)시어, which means "this is so and so (HON.)" or "I present (HON.) . . ." 

• 승준 형이셔.
  => This is (my) older brother, Seung-joon.
  
• 우리 할아버지셔.
  => This is my grandfather.

a. D.V. + (어/아)지다 => "is becoming . . . ," "is getting . . ." b. A.V. + (어/아)지다 => "is be -ed." "is (happening) . . ."

a.	D.V. + (어/아)지다
	=> "is becoming . . . ," "is getting . . ."
	b.	A.V. + (어/아)지다
		=> "is be -ed." "is (happening) . . ."

This helping verb, -(어/아)지다, has two main functions. When used with a descriptive verb, it indicates the changes occurring to the state or condition of the subject. When used with an action verb, it turns an active sentence into a passive sentence or indicates that something is happening automatically. (See the helping verb chart in L14, GN7.)

(a)

Dictionary Form / With (어/아)지다 Examples

쉽다 / 쉬워지다

• 일이 쉬워진다.
  => The work is getting easy.

덥다 / 더워지다

• 날씨가 더워진다.
  => The weather is getting warm.

깨끗하다 / 깨끗해지다

• 공기가 깨끗해졌다.
  => The air has gotten clean.

복잡하다 / 복잡해지다

• 길이 복잡해진다.
  => The street is getting crowded. 

빨갛다 / 빨개지다

• 하늘이 빨개진다.
  => The sky is turning red. 

젊다 / 젊어지다

• 저 여자는 젊어졌다.
  => She is looking younger (literally "She has become young.")

(b) 

쓰다 / 써지다 

• 연필이 잘 써진다.
  => The pencil writes well.

지우다 / 지워지다 

• 글씨가 지워졌다.
  => The characters were erased.

넘다 / 넘어지다 

• 나무가 넘어졌다.
  => The tree has fallen.

Indirect statements

Indirect statements An indirect statement is one in which the speaker is reporting something that was said by another individual. (This form of speech, called indirect speech, is also referred to as reported speech.)

The basic ending for indirect statements, -다고 하다, changes depending on the tense of the statement that is being reported. It also changes depending on whether a descriptive or an action verb was used in the statement that is being reported.

	a.	Present
		D.V. + 다고 하다
		A.V. + ㄴ/는다고 하다
		N. + (이)라고 하다

	b.	Past
		V. + 었/았다고 하다
		N. + (이)었다고 하다

	c.	Future
		V. + ㄹ/을 거라고 하다
		N. + 일 거라고 하다

(a)

• 그 아이는 키가 크다고 해요.
  => They say that the child is tall.
  
• 그 분이 한국에 간다고 한다.
  => They say that he is going to Korea.
  
• 그래서 요즘 한국 책을 많이 읽는다고 한다.
  => They say that, therefore, he is reading many Korean books these days.
  
• 올해는 빨간 색이 유행이라고 해.
  => It is said that red is in fashion this year.
  
• 꽃무늬 스카프도 인기라고 해.
  => It is said that floral scarves are popular.

(b)

• 론은 네 살 때 키가 작았다고 해요.
  => They say that Ron was short when he was four years old.
  
• 그 분이 한국에 가셨다고 한다.
  => They say that he went to Korea.
  
• 한국 역사 책을 많이 읽었다고 한다.
  => They say that he read many Korean history books.
  
• 작년에도 빨간 색이 유행이었다고 해.
  => They say that red was also in fashion last year.
  
• 꽃무늬 스카프도 인기였다고 해.
  => They say that floral scarves were popular, too.

(c)

• 지나는 장래에 키가 클 거라고 해요.
  => They say that Ji-na will be tall in the future.
  
• 그 분이 한국에 가실 거라고 한다.
  => They say that he will go to Korea.
  
• 그 분이 책을 많이 읽으실 거라고 한다.
  => They say that he will read many books.
  
• 내년에는 노란 색이 유행일거라고 해.
  => They say that yellow scarves will be in fashion next year.

(하마터면) A.V. + ㄹ/을 뻔하다 => "almost," "nearly," "a close call"

(하마터면) A.V. + ㄹ/을 뻔하다

=> "almost," "nearly," "a close call"

When used with 하마터면, this construction intensifies the near occurrence of an event that could have happened.

• 못 알아볼 뻔했다.
  => I almost didn't recognize you.
• 교차로에서 사고가 날 뻔했다.
  => I nearly had an accident at the crossroads.
• 하마터면 비행기를 놓칠 뻔했다.
  => I almost missed the airplane.
• 차 사고가 나서 하마터면 죽을 뻔했다.
  => I almost died because of the car accident.

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V. + (어/아)도 => "even if," "although," "even though"

V. + (어/아)도
=> "even if," "although," "even though" This construction supposes a real or an unreal event/situation and draws a conclusion. When it is used with 아무리 . . . (어/아)도, it means "no matter how . . ."

• 급한 일이 있어도 전화가 없어서 연락할 수 없어요.
  => Even if there's an emergency, I can't contact you because I have no phone.
  
• 친구를 사귀어도 자주 만날 수 없어요.
  => Although I make friends, I can't meet with them often.
  
• 아무리 추워도 나가야 돼요.
  => No matter how cold it is, you/I have to go out.

a. N. + 밖에 모르다 => "to know/care about only," "to know nothing but" b. V. + ㄴ/은/는 것밖에 모르다 => "to know nothing but -ing"

a.	N. + 밖에 모르다
	=> "to know/care about only," "to know nothing but"
	b.	V. + ㄴ/은/는 것밖에 모르다
		=> "to know nothing but -ing"

-밖에 모르다 has several meanings, depending on the context: "knows only," "is concerned only about," "cares only about," or "being interested only in." 

(a)

• 수진이는 책밖에 몰라요.
  => Soojin cares only about books. 

(b)

• 저 아이는 공부하는 것밖에 몰라.
  => She cares only about studying.
  
• 우리 고양이는 먹는 것밖에 몰라.
  => Our cat is interested only in food.
  

"Only" is expressed usually in two ways: with -만 or with -밖에, which must be followed by a negative (안, 못, -지 않다, 없다, or 모르다). 

• 유럽에서 그리스와 이태리밖에 못 가 봤어요.
  => I have been only to Greece and Italy in Europe.
  
• 그리스와 이태리만 가 봤어요.
  => I have been only to Greece and Italy in Europe.
  
• 월요일에는 학교밖에 안 나가요.
  => The only place I go on Monday is to school.
  
• 월요일에는 학교만 나가요.
  => I go only to school on Mondays.
  
• 지갑에 5 불밖에 없어요.
  => I have only five dollars in my wallet.
  
• 저는 비타민 씨밖에 먹지 않아요.
  => I take only vitamin C. 

Note that it is incorrect to say 저는 비타민 C밖에를 먹지 않아요 or . . . C를밖에 먹지 않아요, but 저는 비타민 C만을 먹어요 or 학생모임에만 나가요 is fine.

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a. 얼마나/어찌나 D.V. + ㄴ/은지 => "It is so D.V. that . . ." 얼마나/어찌나 D.V. + (었/았)던지 => "It was so/such D.V. that . . ." b. 얼마나/어찌나 (ADV.) A.V. + 는지 => "It is such (ADV.) A.V. that . . ." 얼마나/어찌나 (ADV.) A.V. + (었/았)던지 => "It was such (ADV.) A.V. that . . ."

a.	얼마나/어찌나 D.V. + ㄴ/은지
	=> "It is so D.V. that . . ."
	얼마나/어찌나 D.V. + (었/았)던지
	=> "It was so/such D.V. that . . ."
	b.	얼마나/어찌나 (ADV.) A.V. + 는지
		=> "It is such (ADV.) A.V. that . . ."
		얼마나/어찌나 (ADV.) A.V. + (었/았)던지
		=> "It was such (ADV.) A.V. that . . ."

This construction is used for emphasis. 얼마나 and 어찌나 are generally interchangeable.

(a)

• 나는 얼마나 급한지 신발도 못 신고 뛰어 나갔어요.
  => I was in such a hurry that I ran out without wearing shoes.
  
• 날씨가 얼마나 추웠던지 죽을 뻔 했어요.
  => It was so cold that I nearly died.

(b)

• 그 학생은 어찌나 열심히 공부하는지 잠도 많이 안 자요.
  => The student works so hard that he doesn't sleep much.
  
• 그 차가 어찌나 빨리 가던지 못 따라갔어요.
  => The car went so fast that I couldn't follow it. 

N. + (이)나 => "just," "nothing else but . . ."

N. + (이)나

=> "just," "nothing else but . . ."

This construction has the meaning of "nothing better to do, so (I) will just . . ."

• 낮잠이나 잘까.
  => (There's not much to do.) Maybe I'll just take a nap.
  
• 방학동안 책이나 읽으려고 해.
  => I am just going to read books during the vacation.
  
• 심심해서 TV나 보기로 했다.
  => I was bored, and I decided just to watch TV.

a. A.V. + 자 => "as," "soon after" b. A.V. + 자마자. . . => "as soon as"

a.	A.V. + 자
	=> "as," "soon after"
	b.	A.V. + 자마자. . .
		=> "as soon as"

-자 and -자마자 are very close in meaning, but -자마자 seems to have more immediacy than -자. -자 cannot be used in a command or a "let's . . ." construction. 

(a)

• 서울에 도착하자 은행으로 갔다.
  => Shortly after I arrived in Seoul, I went to a bank.
  
• 영화가 시작하자 아기가 울기 시작했다.
  => As the movie started, a baby started to cry.
  

(b)

• 그 소식을 듣자마자 전화를 걸었다.
  => As soon as I heard the news, I made a phone call.
  
• 엄마를 보자마자 아기가 웃었다.
  => The baby smiled as soon as she saw her mother.

A.V. + 기로 하다 => "to decide to"

A.V. + 기로 하다

=> "to decide to"

This sentence ending indicates a decision or a plan and is usually used in the past tense. (See L11, GN1 in College Korean.)

• 과장님을 만나기로 했다.
  => I decided to meet the manager.
  
• 파티에 한복을 입고 가기로 했다.
  => I decided to wear a Korean dress to the party.
  
• 이번 학기에는 경제학을 듣기로 했어요.
  => I decided to take an economics class this semester.

V. + ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 것 같다 => "it seems/appears . . .," "it is/looks as though . . ."

V. + ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 것 같다

=> "it seems/appears . . .," "it is/looks as though . . ."

This sentence ending expresses the speaker's opinion and often translates into "I think . . ." in English.

• 내 눈으로 보는 것 같았다.
  => It was like seeing it with my own eyes.
  
• 내가 밥을 너무 많이 먹은 것 같군요.
  => I think I ate too much.
  
• 비가 온 것 같았어요.
  => It looked as though it rained a lot.
  
• 곧 비가 올 것 같아요.
  => It looks as though it's going to rain soon.

V. + (어/아)도 돼요? => "Is it all right if/to . . . ?," "Is it okay if/to . . . ?"

V. + (어/아)도 돼요?

=> "Is it all right if/to . . . ?," "Is it okay if/to . . . ?"

This construction asks for permission in an informal and casual way. 

• 한국말로 물어도 돼요?
  => May I ask you in Korean?
  네, 물어 보세요.
  => Yes, go ahead.
  
• 지금 집에 가도 돼요?
  => May I go home now?
  가도 돼요.
  => Yes, you may.
  아니오, 가면 안 돼요.
  => No, you may not.
  
• 숙제를 내일까지 내도 돼요?
  => Is it okay to turn in my homework tomorrow?
  네, 괜찮아요./네, 좋아요.
  => Yes, it's okay.
  
• 보고서를 연필로 써도 돼요?
  => May I write my report with a pencil?
  연필로 쓰면 안 돼요.
  => You may not write with a pencil.
  펜으로 써야 돼요.
  => You have to write in ink.
  

Notice the differences in the positive and negative answers:

• -(어/아)도 돼요?
  => "Is it all right to . . . ?"
  
• 네, . . . -(어/아)도 돼요.
  => "Yes, it's all right . . ."
  
• 네, -(어/아)도 괜찮아요/좋아요.
  => "Yes, it is fine."
  
• 아니오, . . . -(으)면 안 돼요.
  => "No, (one) must not . . . ," "it should not . . . ,"

A.V. + ㄹ/을래(요)? => "Will you . . . ?," "Are you . . . ?" A.V. + ㄹ/을래(요). => "I will . . ."

A.V. + ㄹ/을래(요)?

=> "Will you . . . ?," "Are you . . . ?"

A.V. + ㄹ/을래(요).

=> "I will . . ."

This ending is used in casual and intimate conversation. It is a question when spoken with a rising tone and a statement when spoken with a level tone.

• 내일 나하고 같이 나가 주지 않을래?
  => Won't you go out with me tomorrow?
  
• 산에 같이 올라 갈래요?
  => Will you climb the mountain with me?
  
• 지금 밥 먹을래?
  => Are you going to eat now?
  
• 안 먹을래.
  => I'm not going to eat.

a. V. + 거나 => "either (do this) . . . or (do that) . . ." b. N. + (이)나 => "either (this) . . . or (that) . . ."

a.  V. + 거나
	=> "either (do this) . . . or (do that) . . ."
	b.  N. + (이)나
	=> "either (this) . . . or (that) . . ."

-거나 indicates two or more events or actions. -(이)나 indicates two or more alternative items.
(a)

• 열두 시에 학생들이 밥을 먹거나 친구들과 이야기를 하고 있었다.
  => At noon, students were either eating or talking with friends.
  
• 주말에는 친구를 만나거나 영화를 볼 거예요.
  => I'll either get together with my friend or go to the movies this weekend.
  
• 머리가 아프거나 열이 날 때 이 약을 드세요.
  => Take this medicine when you have either a headache or a temperature.
  

(b)

• 가라테나 태권도나 합기도를 배우고 싶어요.
  => I want to learn karate or tae kwon do or hapkido.
  
• 집이나 사무실로 연락 주세요.
  => Please get in touch with me at home or at my office.
  
• 방학 동안 한국이나 일본에 다녀오려고 해.
  => During the vacation, I plan to visit Korea or Japan. 

A.V. + 고 나서 => "after doing . . . ," "having done . . ."

A.V. + 고 나서 => "after doing . . . ," "having done . . ."

This colloquial connective indicates the completion of an action or event that is followed by another action or event. Its meaning is close to -ㄴ/은 후에.

• 저녁을 먹고 나서 신문을 읽어요.
  => After eating dinner, I read newspapers.
  
• 읽고 나서 숙제를 해요.
  => After reading, I do my homework.
  
• 숙제를 다 하고 나서 친구에게 전화를 걸어요.
  => After doing all the homework, I call my friend on the phone.

첫 + N. => "first," "beginning"

첫 + N. => "first," "beginning"

첫-, as a prefix or a modifier meaning "first" or "beginning," is useful, as shown in these examples:

• 첫 번째: 유리가 첫 번째예요.
  => Youlee is in first place.
  
• 첫날: 학교에 가는 첫날에 늦었어요.
  => On the first day of school, I was late.
  
• 첫눈: 첫눈이 일찍 내리면 좋겠다.
  => I wish that the first snow would come early.
  
• 첫사랑: 톰이 나의 첫 사랑이었다.
  => Tom was my first love.
  
• 첫째: 첫째, 책을 많이 보세요.
  => First, please read many books.

V. + 지 알다 =>"to know if/whether" V. + 지 모르다 => "not to know if/whether"

V. + 지 알다	=>"to know if/whether"
V. + 지 모르다	=> "not to know if/whether"

알다 and 모르다 verbs use -지 to mean "how to" or "if/whether," as illustrated in the examples below. When a question pronoun, such as 언제, 어디, 왜, 누가, 어떤, 무슨 or 무엇, precedes this construction, the speaker is inquiring when, where, why, who, which, what kind, or what, respectively.

동사 Verb	With D.V.	With A.V.	With N.
현재 Present Tense	V. + ㄴ/은지 알다/모르다.	V. + 는지 알다/모르다.	N. + ㄴ/은지 알다/모르다.
	톰이 얼마나 큰지 모르니?	톰이 무엇을 읽는지 알아.	짐이 학생인지 몰라요.
과거 Past Tense	V. + 는지 알다/모르다.	V. + 었/았는지 알다/모르다.	N. + (이)었는지 알다/모르다.
	톰이 얼마나 컸는지 모르니?	톰이 무엇을 읽었는지 알아.	짐이 학생이었는지 몰라요.
미래 Future Tense	V. + ㄴ/은지 알다/모르다.	V. + ㄹ/을지 알다/모르다.	N. + ㄹ/일지 알다/모르다.
	톰이 얼마나 클지 몰라.	톰이 무엇을 읽을지 알아.	짐이 학생일지 몰라요.

With a descriptive verb

• 그 비행기가 얼마나 넓은지 아세요?
  => Do you know how wide the airplane is?
  
• 어떤 선물이 좋은지 몰라요?
  => Don't you know which gift is appropriate?

With an action verb

• 요즘 창수가 무슨 책을 읽는지 아니?
  => Do you know what books Changsu is reading?
  
• 친구가 오늘 밤에 올지 몰라요.
  => I don't know whether my friend is coming tonight.

With a noun

• 그 사람이 누군지 알아요?
  => Do you know who the man is?
  
• 그 사람이 학생인지 모르겠어요.
  => He may be a student. / I don't know if he is a student.

In the past and future tenses

• 그 분이 한국에서 왔는지 알아요?
  => Do you know whether he came from Korea?
  
• 언제부터 서울이 수도였는지 몰라요.
  => I don't know how long (from when) Seoul has been the capital.
  
• 내일 경주가 그 책을 살지 몰라요.
  => I don't know if Kyung-ju is going to buy the book tomorrow.

V. + ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 것 => "-ing," "to . . . ," "the fact that . . ."

V. + ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 것  => "-ing," "to . . . ," "the fact that . . ."


-ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을 것 is a noun phrase, as shown in different tenses below:

• 배우다
  => to learn
  
• 배우는 것
  => thing(s) being learned
  
• 배운 것
  => thing(s) learned
  
• 배울 것
  => thing(s) to learn
  
• 단어를 배우는 것이 많다.
  => I am learning a lot of vocabulary.
  
• 단어를 배운 것이 많다.
  => I learned a lot of words.
  
• 단어를 배울 것이 많다.
  => I have a lot of words to learn.

Note that in colloquial usage, 것이 becomes 게.

• 단어를 배우는 게 많다.
  => I am learning a lot of vocabulary.
  
• 단어를 배운 게 많다.
  => I learned a lot of words.
  
• 단어를 배울 게 많다.
  => I have a lot of words to learn.

A.V. + ㄹ/을게(요) => "I/we will . . ."

A.V. + ㄹ/을게(요) => "I/we will . . ."
This informal and colloquial ending indicates the speaker's intention. It may be used to indicate the intention of just the speaker.

• 제가 시간을 낼게(요).
  => I will make time.
  
• 제가 내주에 또 올게(요).
  => I will come again next week.
  
• 지금 약 먹을게.
  => I will take the medicine now.

V. + (으)니까 "because," "since," "as," "for"

V. + (으)니까 "because," "since," "as," "for"
This causal connective often omits 까 and becomes (으)니. It is used with a question or a "let's" sentence.

• 시간이 없으니까 빨리 가자.
  => Since we don't have much time, let's go right away.
  
• 그 동안 열심히 공부했으니까 잘 할 거예요.
  => Since you have studied hard, you will do well.
  
• 택시는 비싸니까 지하철을 탈까요?
  => Since taxi fare is expensive, should we take the subway?
  
• 약을 먹으니까 머리 아픈 게 없어졌다.
  => Because I took the medicine, I don't have a headache.

V. + ㄹ/을까(요)? "would it . . . ?," "do you think it will . . . ?"

V. + ㄹ/을까(요)? "would it . . . ?," "do you think it will . . . ?"

Although this question generally solicits the listener's opinion, it requires different responses depending on the context of the question.

a. Inviting "yes-no" answer
: "would you like to . . . ?," "shall we . . . ?"

When the subject is we, this question invites the listener's permission or agreement.

• 이것을 같이 의논해 볼까요?
  => Shall we discuss this together?
  
• 이따 점심 식사를 같이 할까요?
  => Shall we have lunch together later?
  
• 네, 좋아요. 같이 식사합시다.
  => Yes, that's good. Let's eat together.

b. Asking for an opinion
: "do you think . . . ?"

When the subject of the sentence is a third person (he, she, or they), it asks for the
listener's opinion.

• 김 선생님이 학교에 오실까요?
  => Do you think Mr. Kim will come to school?
  
• 내일은 날씨가 좋을까요?
  => Do you think it will be nice tomorrow?
  
• 아마 좋을 거예요.
  => Probably, it will be nice.

c. Asking for advice
: "Which is better . . . ?," "Shall I do this . . . or that . . . ?"

When the subject is I, the question asks for the listener's advice.

• 제가 한가지 여쭈어 볼까요?
  => Shall I ask a question?
  
• 제가 그 분에게 전화해 볼까요?
  => Shall I telephone him?
  
• 공항에 가는데 공항 버스를 탈까요, 택시를 탈까요?
  => I am going to the airport; shall I take an airport bus or a cab?
  
• 택시는 비싸니까 공항 버스를 타세요.
  => Since a taxi is expensive, please take the airport bus.

Non-polite (intimate or plain) style speech

Non-polite (intimate or plain) style speech

In the Korean language, the most important distinction is between the polite style and the non-polite style of speech. The non-polite style of speech is also known as intimate style or plain style speech. Non-polite style speech is used among social equals, by superiors to subordinates, and in intimate relationships.

Non-polite style speech employs different endings, depending on the tense and sentence type, as follows. (See also the intimate style speech chart below.)

a. Statement

• Present

• 지금 돈이 하나도 없어.
  => I have no money now.
  나는 아직 한국어가 서툴러.
  => I'm not yet fluent in Korean.
  여기가 서울역이야.
  => Here is Seoul Station.
• Past
  어제는 돈이 있었어.
  => I had money yesterday.
  어제는 추웠어.
  => It was cold yesterday.
• Future
  내일은 차가 생길 거야.
  => Tomorrow I'll have a car.
  그분이 내년에 선생님이 될 거야.
  => Next year, he will become a teacher.

 b. Question 

• Present 

• 한국에서 전화하니?
  => Are you calling from Korea?
  얘가 네 동생이야?
  => Is this kid your younger sister/brother?
  지금 시간 좀 있니?
  =>Do you have time right now?
• Past
  언제 왔어?
  =>When did you come?
  그 분이 네 선생님이셨어?
  =>Was he your teacher?
  편지 썼니?
  =>Did you write the letter?
  그게 숙제였니?
  =>Was it the homework?
• future
  전화 할 거야?
  =>Will you call?
  전화 할 거니?
  =>Will you call?
  

c. "Let's"

• Present
  
  자, 떠나자.
  => Well, let's take off/leave.
  학교에 가자.
  => Let's go to school.

d. Command

• present
  
  숙제 해.
  => Do your homework.
  밥 먹어(라).
  => Eat your meal.
  집에 일찍 오너라.
  => Come home early.
  

e. Exclamation

• Present
  
  저 나무가 참 빨리 자라는구나!
  => How fast the tree is growing!
  시간이 빨리도 가는구나!
  => Ah, time goes fast!
  조심해, 차가 온다!
  => Watch out, a car is coming!
  날씨가 좋다!
  => /The weather is nice!
  이것이 바로 내가 찾던 것이다!
  => This is just what I was looking for!
  
  
• Past
  
  너희들, 벌써 밥을 먹었구나.
  => All of you have already finished your meal.
  숙제를 다 했다. (만세!)
  => (I) finished all my homework. (Hooray!)

Intimate style speech chart

문장형 Sentence Type	a. 평서문 Statement	b. 의문문 Question	c. 청유문 "Let's"	d. 명령문 Command	e. 감탄문 Exclamation
종결어미 Sentence Ending	-(어/아). -(이)야.	-(어/아)? -니?(-냐?)	-자.	-(어/아). -(어/아)라. -너라/-거라.	-구나! -다!
현재 Present Tense	V. + (어/아). N. + (이)야.	V. + (어/아)? N. + (이)야? V. + 니? N. + (이)니?	V. + 자.	V. + (어/아). V. + (어/아)라. V. + 너라/거라	V. + (는)구나! V. + (ㄴ/는)다! N. + (이)다!
과거 Past Tense	V. + 었/았어. N. + 이었어./였어.	V. + 었/았어? N. + 이었어?/였어? V. + 었/았니? N. + 이었니?/였니?	not applicable (N.A.)	N.A.	V. + 었/았구나! V. + 었/았다! N. + (이)었/였다!
미래 Future Tense	V. + ㄹ/을 거야. N. + ㄹ/일거야	V. + ㄹ/을 거야? V. + ㄹ/일 거니?	N.A.	N.A.	V. + 겠구나! V. + 겠다! N. + (이)겠다!

Special use of -이/가 and -을/를

Special use of -이/가 and -을/를 Attention must be given to the choice of case marker or postposition for some verbs
that appear to be transitive but in fact are intransitive in Korean. (A transitive verb is one that requires a direct object, and an intransitive verb is one that does not need a direct object.)

• a. Some verbs seem to be transitive in English but require the subject marker -이/가 in Korean: 필요하다 "to need," 되다 "to become," 있다 "to have."
• b. Some verbs seem to be intransitive but require the direct object marker 을/를 in Korean: 가다 "to go," 걷다 "to walk," 날다 "to fly," 다니다 "to attend."

(a)

• 필요하다: 외국어를 배우는 학생은 사전이 필요하다.
  => A student who studies a foreign
   language needs a dictionary.
  
  
• 되다: 도날드는 벌써 선생이 됐다.
  => Donald had already become a teacher.
  
  
• 있다/없다: 우리도 차가 없어요.
  => We too have no cars.

(b) 

• 걷다: 아이들이 길을 걷는다.
  => Children are walking on the road. (아이 child)
  
  
• 날다: 새가 하늘을 난다.
  => Birds are flying in the sky

This connective is similar to -(이)기 때문에 or -(이)어서 and is used in presenting a cause, condition, or conviction. -(이)라서 is used more colloquially than -(이)기 때문에 or -(이)어서

V. + 어/아야 하(되)다 => V. + 어/아야 하 다 "must," "have to," "should" => V. + 어/아야 되다 "must," "have to," "should"

V. + 어/아야 하(되)다 => V. + 어/아야 하 다 "must," "have to," "should"
=> V. + 어/아야 되다 "must," "have to," "should"

Both constructions indicate an obligation or a requirement.

• 일 학년 학생은 모두 기숙사에 살아야 해요.
  => First-year students must live in a dormitory.
  
  
• 건강하려면 하루에 한번씩 걸어야 해요.
  => To be healthy, one must take a walk daily.
  
  
• 한국어를 잘 하려면, 연습을 많이 해야 돼요.
  => To speak Korean well, one has to practice  a lot.
  
  
• 짜지 않은 음식을 먹어야 했어요.
  => When I was sick, I had to eat bland food.

V. + ㄹ/을 거예요. => "I think/expect it will . . ."

V. + ㄹ/을 거예요. => "I think/expect it will . . ."

This colloquial form of -을 것이에요 is an intimate statement ending for a future or expected event. Implicit in it is the speaker's expectation of what can happen or could have happened. Its formal ending is -ㄹ/을 겁니다, and its intimate short ending is -ㄹ/을 거야.

• 방학이라 아마 집에 없을 거예요.
  => Since it's vacation (now), he won't be home.
  
  
• 방학이라 아마 집에 없었을 거예요.
  => As it was vacation, he must not have be home.
  
  
• 주말이라서 길이 복잡할 거예요.
  => Because it's a weekend, the roads will be crowded.
  
  
• 주말이라서 길이 복잡했을 겁니다.
  => Because it was a weekend, the roads must
  have been crowded.

Sentence ending V. + 네요

Sentence ending V. + 네요

This informal sentence ending indicates that the speaker is making a remark. The speaker is not trying to inform the listener about something or get a response from him/her. 

• 한국에 온지 한 달이 되네요.
  => It's been a month since I came to Korea.
  
  
• 아기가 아침부터 이렇게 우네요.
  => The baby has been crying since morning.
  
  
• 한국에 가면 재미있겠네요?
  => Wouldn't it be fun if you went to Korea?

2. A.V. + (으)려고 하다 => "to intend to," "to plan to" "going to"

2. A.V. + (으)려고 하다

=> "to intend to," "to plan to" "going to"

This construction indicates an intention or a plan.

• 이번 학기에는 한국말을 공부하려고 한다．
  => I'm planning to study Korean this semester.
  
  
• 내일 비행기 표를 사려고 해요．
  => I plan to buy the airplane ticket tomorrow.
  
  
• 신문을 읽으려고 했는데， 너무 어려운 단어가 많았어요．
  => I was going to read the newspaper, but it had too many difficult words.

1. N. + (이)라(서) => "as...being," "since it is," "because it is"

1. N. + (이)라(서) => "as...being," "since it is," "because it is"

• 요즘은 방학이라(서) 한가해요．
  => I am not busy these days because I'm on vacation.
  
  
• 에이미는 제 친구라(서) 자주 놀러 와요．
  => As Amy is my friend, she often comes to see me.
  
  
• 내일이 친구 생일이라서 선물을 사야 돼요．
  => Because tomorrow is my friend's birthday, I have to buy a present.