-다고/-라고 그래(요) => "it's said (so)," “it is called . . ."

This sentence ending is a colloquial expression similar to the indirect speech forms -고 해(요) and -래(요). 

• 부산에 산다고 안 그랬니?
  => Didn't you say you live in Pusan?
• 저 건물 이름이 뭐니?
  => What's the name of that building?
• 독립 기념관이라고 그래.
  => They say it's Independence Hall. 

* -고 그래(요) is not to be confused with 그래(요), which has various meanings depending on the context, as shown in these examples: 

• 요즘 방학이니?
  => Are you vacation now? 
• 그래.
  => Yeah.
• 내일 모임에 나올래요?
  => Will you come to the meeting tomorrow?
• 그래요.
  => Yes, I will.
• 요즘 물건값이 너무 비싸요.
  => The prices are too expensive these days.
• 그래요.
  => You are right./I agree.

N. + 중(에) => "among," "in the midst of . . ."

• 시험 중에 전화가 왔다.
  => During the exam, a telephone rang.
• 텔레비전 방송 중에 아기가 울기 시작했다.
  => During the television show, the baby started crying. 
• 학생들 중에 나타샤가 제일 인기다.
  => Among the students, Natasha is the most popular.

A.V. + 는 중(에) => "in the middle/midst of doing . . ."

• 시험을 준비하는 중이야.
  => I am in the midst of preparing for an exam.
• 저녁 식사하시는 중에 죄송합니다.
  => I am sorry (to bother you) in the middle
  of your dinner. 
• 열심히 일을 하는 중에 전화가 왔다.
  => While I was working hard, the telephone rang.

N. + 이/가 아니라 => "it is not N. but . . . ," "not N. but . . ."

This expression amends the action, event, or item in the first part of the sentence by the second part.

• 로스앤젤레스가 아니라 시애틀에 도착했어요.
  => He arrived in Seattle, not Los Angeles.
• 윌키 선생님이 아니라 메뜌가 통역을 했어요.
  => Not Mr. Wilkey, but Matthew interpreted (it). 

V. + ㄴ/은/는 + 것이 아니라 => "it is not (the fact) that," "not . . . but . . ."

This expression amends the action, event, or item in the first part of the sentence by the second part.

• 고속 버스를 타는 것이 아니라 기차를 탈 거예요.
  => We are not taking an express bus, but we will take a train.
• 여기는 날씨만 좋은 게 아니라 사람들도 친절해요.
  => Not only is the weather nice here, but the people are also nice.

Polite suggestions - (으)면 어때요? => "How about . . ."

Politeness is an important aspect of the Korean language. The following list indicates the increasing degrees of politeness.

• -(으)면 어때?
  => "How about it?" (nonpolite) 
• -(으)면 어때요? 
  => "How about it, please?" (polite but informal) 
• -(으)면 어떨까요? 
  => "Would it be all right to . . . ?" (more polite) 
• -(으)면 어떻겠습니까? 
  => "Would you mind if . . . ?" (polite and formal) 
• -(으)면 어떠시겠습니까? 
  => "Would you mind if . . . ?" (polite, formal, and honorific)
• 왕복표를 사면 어때(요)? 
  => How about buying a round-trip ticket? 
• 10 시까지 기다리면 어떨까요? 
  => Would you mind waiting until ten o'clock? 
• 대전에서 주무시면 어떠시겠습니까? 
  => Would you mind staying over in Taejn? 

A.V. + ㄴ/은 지(가) . . . 되다 => "it's been . . . since . . ."

This pattern is used to indicate that a time period has lapsed since the action or event.

• 한국에 온 지(가) 10 년 됐어요.
  => It's been ten years since I came to Korea. 
• 밥 먹은 지(가) 3 시간 됐어요.
  => It's been three hours since I had my meal. 
• 친구를 만난 지 오래 됐어요.
  => It's been awhile since I saw my friend. 
• 고속도로가 생긴 지 얼마나 됐어요?
  => How long has it been since the highway was built? 

D.V. + (어/아)하다 => "to feel . . ."

Most descriptive verbs of emotion are turned into action verbs by attaching -(어/아)하다, thereby changing intransitive verbs to transitive verbs.

기쁘다	"to be happy"
슬프다	"to be sad"
괴롭다	"to be distressed"
재미있다	"to be fun"
좋다	"to be good"
싫다	"to dislike"
즐겁다	"to be joyful"
-고 싶다	"to wish/want"

기뻐하다	"to feel happy"
슬퍼하다	"to mourn"
괴로워하다	"to suffer"
재미있어 하다	"to enjoy"
좋아하다	"to like"
싫어하다	"to dislike"
즐거워하다	"to enjoy"
-고 싶어하다	"to wish/want to"

• 친구 만나는 것이 즐거워요.
  => I enjoy meeting with my friend. 
• 마리아가 친구 만나는 것을 즐거워해요.
  => Maria enjoys meeting with her friend. 
• 부모님을 못 보는 것이 슬프다.
  => I am sad about not seeing my parents. 
• 부모님을 못 보는 것을 슬퍼해요.
  => He moans/is sad about not being able
  to see his parents. 
• 나는 이 책이 저 책보다 좋다.
  => I like this book better than that book. 
• 나는 이 책을 저 책보다 좋아한다.
  => I like this book better than that book.
• 나는 영화가 보고 싶다.
  => I want to see a movie. 
• 알렉스도 영화를 보고 싶어한다.
  => Alex also wants to see a movie. 

V. + ㄴ/은/는 것처럼 => "as," "as though," "as well as"

Attached to a noun, -처럼 means "someone or something is like some other person or thing." Its meaning is close to -같이. When used after ㄴ/는 것, it means "as if" or "like doing." 

• 시를 잘 쓰는 것처럼 그림도 잘 그린다.
  => He paints as well as he writes poems.
• 한국어를 잘 하는 것처럼 영어도 잘 한다.
  => She speaks English as well as she speaks Korean.
• 성격이 좋은 것처럼 재주도 있다.
  => He is as talented as he is good-natured.

N. + 처럼 => "like"

Attached to a noun, -처럼 means "someone or something is like some other person or thing." Its meaning is close to -같이. When used after ㄴ/는 것, it means "as if" or "like doing." 
(a)

• 그분은 학자처럼 연구만 한다.
  => Like a scholar, he does only research .
• 여름처럼 꽃이 한창이다.
  => It's like summer; the flowers are in full bloom.
• 언니처럼 동생도 불어를 잘 해요. 

N. + (이)(라)면 누구/무엇 + (이)나 => "if . . . is then whoever/whatever . . . ,"/"any (person/thing) would..."

Literally, this expression means "if (one is) . . . , then (he/she does) . . ." Other question words, such as 어디, 언제, 어떤, or 누구, are used with this construction.

• 한국 음식이라면 무엇이나 잘 먹는다.
  => If it's Korean food, I like it all. 
• 그 남자는 콘서트라면 어디나 간다.
  => If it's a concert, he will go anywhere. He will go any place for a concert.
• 학생이면 누구나 좋은 성적을 원한다.
  => Any student would want a good grade. 
• 중년 남자라면 누구나 운동이 필요하다.
  => Any middle-aged man would need exercise.

Adverb -적으로

-적으로 makes adverbs from Sino-Korean nouns. It is a two-step process: first, -적 makes an adjective from a noun, as in 역사적; second, -으로 is added to make an adverb, as in 전통적으로 "traditionally," 역사적으로 "historically," and so on, as illustrated below. Korean nouns are not changed in this manner. For example, the Sino-Korean noun 인간 can be changed to 인간적으로 "as a human being," but the Korean noun 사람 cannot be changed to 사람적으로.

Noun		Adjective		Adverb
역사	history	역사적	historical	역사적으로	historically
세계	world	세계적	world(-wide)	세계적으로	internationally
전통	tradition	전통적	traditional	전통적으로	traditionally
인상	impression	인상적	impressive	인상적으로	impressively
지리	geography	지리적	geographical	지리적으로	geographically
기계	machine	기계적	mechanical	기계적으로	mechanically

D.V. + ㄴ/은가 봐요 => "I think it is," "it seems" A.V. + 나 봐요 => "I think it is," "it seems"

These endings express the speaker's supposition or guess. In this context, 있다 and 없다 are action verbs and they end in -나 봐요, as in 내일 숙제가 있나 봐요 "It seems there will be homework due tomorrow," and 그러나 시험은 없나 봐요 "but it seems there will be no test."

	a.	present
		D.V. + ㄴ/은가 봐(요)
		A.V. + 나 봐(요)
		N. + ㄴ/인가 봐(요)
		=> "I think it is," "it seems"

	b.	past
		V. + 었/았나 봐(요)
		=> "I think it was," "it seems"

	c.	future
		V. + ㄹ/을 건가 봐요
		=> "I think it will be," "it seems"

(a)

• 오늘 날씨가 추운가 봐요.
  => I think the weather is cold today.
• 경치가 좋은가 봐요.
  => I think the scenery is beautiful.
• 그 분이 내일 한국에 가나 봐요.
  => I think he is going to Korea tomorrow.
• 요즘 그 가수가 인기가 있나 봐요.
  => I think the singer is popular these days.
• 여기가 강의실인가 봐.
  => It seems as though this is the classroom.

(b)

• 친구가 선물을 샀나 봐.
  => I think my friend bought a gift.
• 수업을 어제는 여기서 했나 봐.
  => It seems that the class was held here yesterday.

(c) 

• 내일은 날씨가 더울 건가 봐요.
  => It seems as though it's going to be hot tomorrow. 

N. + ㄹ/일 텐데(요) / V. + ㄹ/을 텐데(요)

This short connective form of -을/일 터인데 indicates the speaker's expectation or anticipation. It is derived from the verb 터이다 "to expect" and the connective -ㄴ/는데.

(a)

• 동부에 단풍이 한창일 텐데(요).
  => The fall foliage must be wonderful in the East.
• 오늘이 동생 생일일 텐데 케이크를 먹었는지 모르겠다.
  => Today must be my younger sibling's birthday, but I don't know whether he/she had a cake.

 (b) 

• 피곤할 텐데 자지도 않고 책을 본다.
  => He must be tired, but he reads on without sleeping.
• 날씨가 추울 텐데 반바지를 입고 돌아다닌다.
  => The weather should be cold, but he is walking around in shorts.

Note that V. + ㄹ/을 테니(까) means "since/because (it is expected to)." It indicates the speaker's expectation in regard to an event or an action. This construction comes from the connective (으)니까 "because" attached to the ㄹ/을 터이다 "is expected" ending.

• 걸어가야 할 테니(까) 편한 신을 신으세요.
  => Since we'll have to walk, please wear comfortable shoes.
• 내일까지 다 마칠 테니(까) 너무 걱정하지 마세요.
  => I'll finish them all by tomorrow, so don't worry too much.
• 날씨가 추울 테니까 두꺼운 옷을 입고 나가세요.
  => The weather will be cold, so go out with thick (warm) clothes on.
• 버스 타면 늦을 테니까 지하철을 타자.
  => We'll be late if we take a bus, so let's go by subway.